Introduction
Amazon Elastic Container Service for Kubernetes (Amazon EKS) is a managed Kubernetes service that makes it easy for users to run and manage containerized applications on the Amazon Web Services (AWS) cloud. Amazon EKS runs the Kubernetes management infrastructure across multiple AWS Availability Zones to eliminate a single point of failure. With Amazon EKS, users can quickly deploy and manage their Kubernetes-based applications on AWS.
Kubernetes is an open-source container orchestration system for automating the deployment, scaling, and management of containerized applications. It provides a platform for automating deployment, scaling, and operations of application containers across clusters of hosts. By providing an API for describing cluster resources in the form of containers, Kubernetes provides an efficient way to package, deploy, and manage applications and services without having to manage servers. It enables developers to create and run applications based on microservices infrastructure, which can be deployed to various environments in a similar way regardless of the underlying infrastructure.
Preparing for Deployment
1. Amazon EKS Prerequisites: Make sure that you have met the following prerequisites before setting up Amazon EKS:
AWS account and access to AWS Console
IAM user with necessary permissions to access AWS IAM, VPC, EKS, and EC2
AWS CLI tools installed
An Amazon VPC with two private subnets • At least one node instance for running the Kubernetes worker nodes
2. Configuring AWS CLI and IAM roles: To configure AWS CLI and IAM roles, you’ll need to create an IAM user with minimum permissions necessary to access Amazon EKS, EC2, and VPC. Then configure an AWS CLI profile in your environment or an IAM role to access the AWS services with the IAM user credentials and API keys.
3. Setting up VPC and subnets: To set up a VPC and subnets, you’ll need to create an Amazon Virtual Private Cloud (VPC) with two private subnets. Make sure that you create them with a different Availability Zone and CIDR block. To ensure your applications are isolated Service Modules and Services will have their own private IP space configured in the VPC layer and have access to the Internet Gateway for their communication to the outside world. For more details, please visit the official Amazon EKS documentation.
Creating an Amazon EKS Cluster
1. Creating an Amazon EKS cluster using the AWS Management Console:
a. From the Amazon EKS console, select Create Cluster.
b. Enter the Name and Version for the AWS EKS cluster.
c. Configure the VPC, subnets, and security groups for the cluster.
d. Provide the logging options for the cluster and any tags you want to apply.
e. Create the cluster.
2. Creating an Amazon EKS cluster using the AWS CLI:
a. Install and configure the AWS CLI on your system.
b. Generate an Amazon EKS Service Role using the “aws iam create-service-role” command in the CLI.
c. Create an Amazon EKS Cluster using the “aws eks create-cluster” command.
d. Generate a Kubernetes Configuration file with the “aws eks update-kubeconfig” command.
e. Deploy a sample application with the “kubectl apply” command.
3. Creating an Amazon EKS cluster using AWS CloudFormation:
a. Create a CloudFormation stack with the Amazon EKS Cluster template.
b. Enter the required parameters, including the cluster name and VPC information.
c. Configure the logging options for the cluster and any tags you want to apply.
d. Create the stack.
e. Deploy a sample application with the “kubectl apply” command.
Deploying Kubernetes Applications
Create the Kubernetes Resources and Deployment: Before anything else, you will need to create the resources necessary for your application in the Amazon EKS cluster. This can include services, deployments, configuration maps, and anything else your application needs. You will need to create these resources using either the kubectl or eksctl commands.
Deploy Your Application: Now that the necessary resources have been created, you will need to deploy your application. You can use the kubectl command to do this. This will create a deployment of your application onto one or more nodes within your Amazon EKS cluster.
Access the Kubernetes Dashboard: Once your application is deployed, you will need to set up access to the Kubernetes Dashboard. This can be done through the Amazon EKS console, or by running the command kubectl cluster-info. Once the Dashboard is up and running, you can view and manage the resources and deployments in your Amazon EKS cluster.
Test Your Application: Once your application is deployed and the Kubernetes Dashboard is running, you should be able to access and use your application. You can test it by logging in with the credentials you set up and making sure everything works as expected. If there are any issues, you can go back and debug.
Scaling and Updating the Cluster
1. Scaling the Amazon EKS Cluster:
You can scale your Amazon EKS cluster by either manually adding or removing EC2 worker nodes, or automatically scaling nodes based on desired compute capacity.
To manually add worker nodes, navigate to the Amazon EC2 console, select the EC2 instance type you’d like to use, and launch new instances using the Amazon EKS-optimized Amazon Machine Image (AMI).
Ensure to select the same Amazon VPC and same subnets for the nodes as the rest of your cluster, and then join them to your cluster’s worker node group.
To automatically scale nodes based on desired computing capacity, create an Auto Scaling group and attach it to the Amazon EKS cluster.
2. Updating the Amazon EKS Cluster:
To update an existing Amazon EKS cluster, you can use the Amazon EKS API or the AWS Management Console.
To use the API, you must create a JSON or YAML file with the update parameters, and your access tokens for authenticating with the Amazon EKS cluster.
To use the console, navigate to the Amazon EKS clusters page in the AWS Management Console, select your cluster, and select Actions > Update.
3. Upgrading the Kubernetes Version:
To upgrade the Kubernetes version of your Amazon EKS cluster, you must first create an updated Amazon EKS cluster using the new desired Kubernetes version.
By default, when creating a new Amazon EKS cluster, the most recent version of Kubernetes is used.
After the cluster is created, move the existing worker nodes from the old cluster to the newly created one, following the same steps as you would move worker nodes between clusters.
After the worker nodes are moved, delete the old cluster.
Monitoring and Logging on Amazon EKS
1.Setup Amazon CloudWatch and Elasticsearch:
Create an Amazon CloudWatch Logs group, create an Elasticsearch domain, and configure the region and instance type (or use the default). -Configure a CloudWatch Log Stream in each Elasticsearch domain. This will be used to collect log events from the various components of the Kubernetes cluster.
Configure a CloudWatch Alarm to monitor important events in the logs, such as resource saturation, errors, and alerts.
2. Enable Metrics and Logs for the Kubernetes Cluster:
Enable and Configure the CloudWatch Agent on each instance running the Kubernetes Cluster. This will collect and send system metrics to CloudWatch for monitoring.
Configure the CloudWatch Agent to send log events to the previously configured Log Stream.
Enable and Configure the Kubernetes Metrics Server. This will provide resource metrics to CloudWatch.
3. Accessing the Logs and Metrics Data on the Cluster:
Use CloudWatch Logs Insights to search for and query the log events sent to the CloudWatch Log Stream.
Use the CloudWatch Dashboard to configure widgets and displays to monitor metrics and alarms.
Use the ElasticSearch APIs to query the log events stored in the Elasticsearch domain.
Securing the Amazon EKS Cluster
Amazon VPC: Amazon’s Virtual Private Cloud (VPC) enables customers to control network access to their EKS clusters, allowing them to establish granular network security policies. This prevents unauthorized access to applications running on their EKS clusters and allows customers to restrict access down to the container or pod level based on ports and IP ranges. Customers can choose subnets for each EKS cluster, providing an additional level of isolation for their workloads.
Network Policies: Network policies enable customers to control traffic within and between their Kubernetes clusters. These policies can be used to limit ingress traffic from other clusters or services, and control cross-cluster communication. Network policies also provide an additional layer of security to help protect customers’ applications running in the cluster from unauthorized access or malicious activity.
IAM Roles and Policies: Amazon EKS customers can use IAM roles and policies to restrict and control user access to the cluster and any applications running in it. This ensures that users only have the permissions necessary to perform their intended tasks, making it easier to secure the cluster and maintain an audit trail of user activity.
Troubleshooting Amazon EKS Deployments
Troubleshooting Amazon EKS Issues:
Check the EKS Cluster Status
Verify your EKS Cluster status for signs of any issues. Check the logs, events, and alarms.
Check the Kubernetes Cluster Status
Verify the status of the Kubernetes cluster to see if any of the nodes are unhealthy or failing.
Check Worker Node Groups
Verify that the worker node groups are correctly configured and that the nodes are healthy. -Check Container Networking
Verify that your container networking (VPC, subnets, security groups, routing tables) is correctly configured.
Check Worker Node Credentials
If the Worker Node has IAM credentials, ensure they are valid and updated.
Check Network Load Balancers
Verify that the network load balancers are healthy and configured correctly.
Check Infrastructure Connectivity
Check the infrastructure settings to ensure there is connectivity from the worker nodes to the ECS cluster.
2. Troubleshooting Kubernetes Issues:
Check the Status for Objects
Verify the status of the various Kubernetes objects (pods, deployments, replica sets, etc). -Verify Master Performance
Check the CPU, memory, and disk utilization of the master node.
Check for Configuration Errors
Verify the configuration of all Kubernetes objects to ensure there are no errors. -Monitor API Server Usage
Monitor the usage of the Kubernetes API to identify any potential issues. -Check Endpoints Resources
Ensure that all the endpoints are correctly defined and accessible. -Examine Logging
Review the active logs to identify any issues.
3. Troubleshooting Connectivity and Permission Issues:
Check Network Connectivity
Verify the network settings to ensure the worker nodes can communicate with the ECS cluster.
Check for Firewall Rules
Check the firewall settings for any rules blocking communication.
Check IAM Policies
Verify that the relevant IAM policies are correctly configured and updated.
Check Service Accounts
Verify that the service accounts have the appropriate permissions. -Check Network Security Groups
Verify that the Network Security Groups are configured and up-to-date. -Check RBAC Settings
Check the Role-Based Access Control (RBAC) settings to ensure the service accounts have the necessary permissions.
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